Program Management

© 2007 Rebecca Callahan, Courtesy of PhotoshareIn order to meet the increasing demand for injectable contraceptives with high-quality services, family planning programs need to be managed efficiently. The Program Management section of the Injectables Toolkit includes information and tools to help family planning program managers fulfill the essential management functions of an injectables program. Click on the links below to access materials on:

Cost Considerations: The materials available in this section provide guidance on collecting and using costing and pricing data to plan for implementing and scaling up an injectables program.

Monitoring and Evaluation: Long-term monitoring and evaluation (M&E) helps ensure family planning programs are meeting their clients’ needs and providing high-quality care. The tools available in the M&E section will help program managers choose indicators and establish systems for measuring a program’s success and identifying areas for improvement.

Program Models and Approaches: The publications available in this section describe a range of service delivery models and approaches to organizing injectables programs that can be implemented at the facility level and in community-based programs to expand access to the method.

Quality Considerations: Continual quality improvement is essential to effective family planning programs that offer injectables. Strong waste management and safe injection policies and practices help ensure quality programming, as does community and staff involvement in assessing and improving health services. The Quality Considerations section houses practical guides and tools for identifying areas for improvement and implementing solutions.

Scaling Up: Scale-up considerations should be built into family planning programs from their inception. The materials in the Scaling Up section help program managers consider different paths to scale-up and offer guidance on planning for scale-up from the beginning stages of a program.

Supervision: Supportive supervision is essential to high-quality programming and safe injection practices. The Supervision section houses guidance for supervising injections and other aspects of family planning programs in a manner that emphasizes problem solving, mentoring, and effective communication.

These resources will help program managers develop quality programs and strengthen existing programs by increasing their efficiency to meet rising demand for injectables. For information on community-based access to injectables, please visit the Community-Based Access to Injectable Contraceptives Toolkit.

Do you have a comment about this section or would you like to suggest a new resource or management topic? Please share your feedback by emailing us at toolkits@k4health.org or posting on our discussion board.

Cost Considerations

    2009 | FHI
    This presentation provides an overview of three different types of scale-up and explores the differences between an incremental cost analysis and a full cost analysis. The slides also highlight reasons why scale-up costs differ from the costs of pilot projects and explain how to use costing data from a pilot project to understand the cost of scaling up.
    2005 | Millenium Project | 23 pp
    This user guide is a step-by-step introduction to the UN Millennium Project’s maternal and reproductive health needs assessment tool. It assumes that users have read the Handbook and have a basic familiarity with the fundamentals of an MDG Needs Assessment, but does not presume any prior technical knowledge of MDG needs assessment tools. The guide should be used concurrently with the maternal and reproductive health needs assessment tool, available at www.unmillenniumproject.org/policy.
    Managment Sciences for Health [MSH]
    The International Drug Price Indicator Guide contains a spectrum of prices from pharmaceutical suppliers, international development organizations, and government agencies. The Guide aims to make price information more widely available in order to improve procurement of medicines of assured quality for the lowest possible price. Comparative price information is important for getting the best price, and this is an essential reference for anyone involved in the procurement of pharmaceuticals. 

Monitoring and Evaluation

Program Models and Approaches

Quality Considerations

    2006 | World Health Organization [WHO] | 26 pp
    Inadequate management and disposal of waste generated by injection activities such as sharps and infectious waste can have a negative impact, either directly or indirectly, on the health of medical staff and waste handlers, as well as on the community and environment. Much attention has been paid to tertiary health-care facilities located in urban areas where financial and human resources are more readily available.
    2004 | John Snow [JSI], DELIVER | 140 pp
    Safe Injection and Waste Management: A Reference for Logistics Advisors was developed as a reference for logistics advisors as they face the challenge of designing and supporting programs to improve injection safety and injection waste management. The reader will find useful information and tools, as well as discussions of important issues, including those related to commodity security for safe injection devices (i.e., injection device security) and the development of a safe injection and waste management policy.
    2003 | EngenderHealth | 82 pp
    A supplement to COPE® Handbook: A Process for Improving Quality in Health Services, Revised Edition. Provides updated versions of the self-assessment guides, the client interview guide, and other materials for a range of reproductive health services, including antenatal care, labor and delivery, postpartum and newborn care, postabortion care, family planning, reproductive tract infections (including sexually transmitted infections), HIV and AIDS, gynecological services, men's reproductive health services, sexuality, infertility, and prevention of harmful practices.
    2003 | EngenderHealth | 164 pp
    COPE®, which stands for "client-oriented, provider-efficient" services, is a process that helps health care staff continuously improve the quality and efficiency of services provided at their facility and make services more responsive to clients' needs. COPE® provides staff with practical, easy-to-use tools to identify problems and develop solutions using local resources, and it encourages all levels of staff and supervisors to work together as a team and to involve clients in assessing services.
    2003 | World Health Organization [WHO] | 25 pp
    This guide is designed to assist in benchmarking, assessing, planning, implementing and evaluating a national strategy for the safe and appropriate use of injections. This framework is to be used – and adapted – by national public health managers and their national and international partners.    
    2003 | Save the Children | 91 pp
    Partnership Defined Quality (PDQ) is a methodology to improve the quality and accessibility of services with community involvement in defining, implementing, and monitoring the quality improvement process. Partnership Defined Quality links quality assessment and improvement with community mobilization. This manual offers tools that can be used by project managers, health service managers, or facilitating agencies. It can also be used by health workers or community advocates, who would like to work to make a difference in the quality of health services available in their area.

Scaling Up

    2011 | World Health Organization | 18 pp
    This short new ExpandNet/WHO guidance document, which is a working draft, provides 12 recommendations and a checklist to help build scaling up considerations into projects from the outset. In this way one can anticipate and plan ahead for eventual scale up from the earliest stages of designing a pilot, demonstration or other operations research intervention.
    2007 | World Health Organization [WHO)], Department of Reproductive Health and Research
    Faced with the challenge of putting into practice the ideals of the Millennium Development Goals and other global summits of the last decade, decision-makers and programme managers responsible for sexual and reproductive health ask how they can: improve access to and the quality of family planning and other sexual and reproductive health services; increase skilled attendance at birth and strengthen referral systems; reduce the recourse to abortion and improve the quality of existing abortion services; provide information and services that respond to young people’s needs; and integrate
    2006 | John Snow [JSI] | DELIVER | 8 pp
    In the 1980s and 1990s, the typical country reproductive health program was a vertical program that managed between 6 - 10 contraceptives. Supply chains were relatively easy to establish and maintain as programs generally worked with a single entity. This included, for example, the Family Planning Unit of the Ministry of Health, as well as NGO programs, which often received contraceptives through the same or similar vertical supply chains as the public sector programs.

Supervision

    2005 | JHPIEGO | 84 pp
    The purpose of this field guide is to present a streamlined, step-by-step process, along with practical tools and other resources, for improving the performance and quality of health services using the Standards-Based Management and Recognition (SBM-R) approach. SBM-R involves the systematic use of performance standards as the basis for the organization and functioning of these services, and the rewarding of compliance with standards through recognition mechanisms. 
    2004 | World Health Organization [WHO] | 16 pp
    The objective of this document is to provide a guide for supervisors and trainers to: 1. Observe injection practices; 2. Provide feedback about safe and unsafe practices; 3. Help supervisors resolve problems contributing to unsafe injections. 
    2002 | Maximizing Access and Quality [MAQ] Initiative | 28 pp
    This paper distills lessons from recent efforts to improve the supervision of family planning and health programs in developing countries and identifies approaches that may be more effective and sustainable. It describes supportive supervision, an approach to supervision that emphasizes joint problem-solving, mentoring, and two-way communication between supervisors and those being supervised.